السلام عليكم
أهلا و سهلا بك في منتديات
صـوتـ بـلــدنــا
معلوماتنا تفيد بأنك غير مسجل أو لم تدخل اسم المستخدم الخاص بك
إذا أردت الدخول أو التسجيل تفضل من هنا ...
منتديات صوت بلدنا
السلام عليكم
أهلا و سهلا بك في منتديات
صـوتـ بـلــدنــا
معلوماتنا تفيد بأنك غير مسجل أو لم تدخل اسم المستخدم الخاص بك
إذا أردت الدخول أو التسجيل تفضل من هنا ...
منتديات صوت بلدنا
هل تريد التفاعل مع هذه المساهمة؟ كل ما عليك هو إنشاء حساب جديد ببضع خطوات أو تسجيل الدخول للمتابعة.
صوت بلدنا بني عبيد ميت فارس إسلاميات برامج دروس تعليم حماية شبكات اختراق هاك حوار جوال ألعاب ترفيه دعم تطوير دعاية إعلان ثقافة لغات أسرة مرأة طفل صحة رياضة إشهار سياسة أخبار قضايا قانون قصة شعر خواطر
Abu Hamid al-Ghazali was born in 1058 in the Persian province of Khurasan. He was educated in Islamic theology at renowned institutions in Nishapur and Baghdad, and became a professor in religion and philosophy at Nizamiyah University in Baghdad - one of the Islamic world's most prominent institutions at that time. In 1095, however, after a period of inner turmoil about his faith, Al-Ghazali left the university, gave up his material possessions, and became a wandering ascetic. He devoted himself to Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam concerned with direct knowledge of God, and travelled to Mecca, Syria, and Jerusalem before returning to Nishapur to write.
Al-Ghazali's works on the relationship between philosophy and religion contributed to an ongoing discussion in the Islamic world on how to reconcile the two fields. In adopting the Aristotelian principals of the humanist ancient Greeks, Islamic philosophers since the 9th century, such as Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina, had come into conflict with theologians who claimed that Aristotelian philosophy contradicted Islamic doctrine. Al-Ghazali staunchly defended religion against attack by philosophers, and in doing so helped bridge the gap between the two streams of thought. Al-Ghazali also sought to reign in what he believed were excessive views within Sufism, to bring it more in line with orthodox Islam. He continued to stress the importance of Sufism as the genuine path to absolute truth, but he sought to redefine its extreme image as disobedient to the basic teachings of Islam.
Al-Ghazali wrote several famous books on these subjects, one of which inspired the philosopher Ibn Rushd to respond with a book of his own, after Al-Ghazali's death. In Tuhafat al-Falasifa ("The Incoherence of the Philosophers"), Al-Ghazali laid out several arguments as to why philosophy was sometimes heretical to Islam. He particularly objected to arguments made by Greek-influenced philosophers questioning the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body, reward and punishment after death, God's knowledge of all things, and the eternity of the world. Al-Ghazali welcomed the fact that philosophers questioned some tenets of the Islamic faith, but he chastised them for not proving their positions. At the same time, Al-Ghazali was careful not to rebuke everything the philosophers had said. He did not reject discoveries of philosopher-scientists in the natural sciences, freely admitting that many important scientific advancements had been made. He also chastised Muslims who rejected every science connected with the philosophers, in the name of defending religion, claiming that such an approach only led the philosophers to conclude that Islam was based on ignorance. Rather, Al-Ghazali advocated accepting valid scientific achievements, while challenging philosophers to prove their objections to Islamic theology. Ibn Rushd, a devoted Aristotelian philosopher and rationalist, responded to Al-Ghazali's book with one of his own, Tuhafut al-Tuhafut ("The Incoherence of the Incoherence"), in which he reproduced Al-Ghazali's book and commented on its arguments, page by page.
Al-Ghazali is considered one of Islam's greatest theologians. His arguments influenced Jewish and Christian religious scholarship, and it has been suggested that in the 13th century St. Thomas Aquinas used many of Al-Ghazali's themes in arguing for the strengthening of Christianity in the West