Muhammad saas

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]

Muhammad,
whose name
means "worthy of praise," was born about 570 in Mecca.
His father, Abdullah,
died before Muhammad was born, and his mother,
Amina, died when he was six years
old. His paternal grandfather,
Abdul Muttalib, then cared for him until his own
death two years
later, after which time Muhammad spent the rest of his childhood
in
the care of his uncle, Abu Talib. Little is known about his early life,
but
he was not wealthy, and it is believed he was a shepherd. When
he was 25 he
married Khadija, a wealthy widow about 15 years his
senior. Despite her age,
Khadija would bear Muhammad six children,
four of whom survived to adulthood -
daughters Zaynab, Ruqayya,
Fatima, and Umm Kulthum. Ruqayya later married
Uthman, and Fatima
married Ali, men who became the third and fourth caliphs,
respectively,
of the Islamic world after Muhammad's death. It is said that
Khadija
and Muhammad were truly in love, and that although polygamy was common
in
Arabia, she was his only wife until her death in 619.

Muhammad
frequently
retreated to Mount Hira, a place of privacy and
contemplation near Mecca, to
meditate and consider his spirituality.
Islamic tradition relates that it was
during one such trip, in 610,
when he was 40 years old, that Muhammad first
heard the voice of
the angel Gabriel, who recited to him the word of God, today
written
down in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an, meaning "recitation."

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]

The Qur'an

It is significant
that
Muslims believe that what Gabriel told Muhammad came directly from God,
and
that Muhammad was simply God's messenger. Muslims do not
believe that Muhammad
himself was divine in any way, an important
distinction that sets Islam apart
from Christianity, which does
believe in the divinity of Jesus. Muslims believe
that Gabriel
continued to send Muhammad messages from God until the prophet's
death.
Muhammad immediately began preaching the message he had received; his
wife,
Khadija, was his first convert, soon followed by his cousin and future
successor,
Ali. Islam says that the message was similar to those received by the
early
Hebrew prophets: that God is one, he is all-powerful, he is the creator
of
the universe, and that there will be a Judgement Day when those
who have carried
out God's commands will enjoy paradise in heaven,
and those who have not will be
condemned to hell. As we have seen,
these ideas were also part of the
Zoroastrian religion.

By
615, Muhammad had
gained several converts. These early Muslims were
persecuted in Mecca, mainly by
wealthy merchants who controlled the
city and feared that the new faith would
challenge their economic
monopoly. That year, about 80 Muslims fled from Mecca
to Abyssinia
(present-day Ethiopia) to take refuge with Christians there, who
were
enemies of the polytheistic Meccans. Muhammad's daughter, Ruqayya, and
her
husband, Uthman, were among those who fled, although Muhammad
himself stayed in
Mecca. The Abyssinian Christians treated the
Muslims well, helping to form
Muhammad's positive view of
Christians. He labelled both Jews and Christians
"People of the
Book," because their religion had a holy scripture. For this
reason,
Muhammad considered Judaism and Christianity to be superior to the
polytheistic,
humanist Arab religions. Islam also had several beliefs in common
with
the two older religions, and today calls itself the third "Abrahamic"
religion
because of what it sees as common roots between the three.

Before
Muhammad's
wife, Khadija, and his uncle, Abu Talib, both died in
619, Muhammad experienced
his famous "Night Journey." Although there
are several versions of what occurred
that night, Islam holds that
the angel Gabriel came to Muhammad while he was
sleeping near the
Ka'ba one night, and escorted him first to Jerusalem, then
through
seven heavens - where he met Abraham, Moses, and Jesus - to the presence

of God. This event later helped establish Jerusalem as the third
holiest city in
Islam, after Mecca and Medina. During his journey,
Muslims believe that Muhammad
was told of several tenets of Islam
that became some of the most basic acts of
the religion, such as
praying five times daily.

In
620, Muhammad
married A'isha, whose father, Muhammad's friend Abu
Bakr, would become the first
caliph after Muhammad's death 12 years
later. In 622, at age 52, Muhammad
finally fled persecution in
Mecca, taking his followers north to the city of
Yathrib. After his
arrival, the name of the city was changed to Medinat un-Nabi,
the
City of the Prophet, or Medina. Muhammad's journey to Mecca is known as
the
Hijra, or emigration, and marks the beginning of the Islamic
calendar.

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]

The Islamic
Calendar

[ندعوك للتسجيل في المنتدى أو التعريف بنفسك لمعاينة هذه الصورة]
The Prophet's Mosque in Medina
Courtesy of
IslamiCity
Medina was much more tolerant of Islam than Mecca had
been, and the religion
flourished among the community there.
Muhammad expanded his role as a religious
leader into more of a
community leader in general, marking the initial
partnering of
religious and administrative affairs, which would become a
standard
practice in the future Islamic empires. He built a house there that
became
the model for the mosque later built on the site, the Prophet's Mosque,

which has since become the second holiest shrine in Islam, after
the Ka'ba in
Mecca.

In
624, Muhammad
decided the Medinans should intercept a camel caravan
on its way from Syria to
Mecca, for the purpose of disrupting
Meccan economic activity and obtaining the
cargo for his followers.
In the resulting Battle of Badr, the Medinans won a
decisive victory
despite being outnumbered by the Meccans. The event served to
unify
the Medinans and weaken the Meccans. It was also the first significant
victory
in battle for a people who would soon grow into the formidable military

force that would defeat long-standing empires from Persia to Egypt.

Also in 624,
Muhammad
decided that the qibla, or direction of prayer, should be
the Ka'ba in Mecca.
This strengthened Muhammad's resolve to bring
Mecca under Muslim control, and
several more battles were fought
between the two cities. Mecca was progressively
weakened by the
continued Muslim tactic of interrupting caravan traffic, and by
630,
the city fell to the Muslims with little resistance. Muhammad ordered a

general amnesty, thus winning over Meccans who feared retaliation
for past
persecution of Muslims, and the faith began spreading in
the city. Muhammad
destroyed the polytheistic idols in the Ka'ba,
and dedicated the monument to
Islam. It became, and today remains,
the spiritual centre of the Islamic faith.

In
631 Muhammad
reached peace settlements with the leaders of local
Christian and Jewish
communities, thus bringing those groups under
Muslim protection, as long as they
paid the jizya tax demanded of
all non-Muslims. In 632 he led a pilgrimage to
Mecca for the first
time, but 3 months later, at age 62, Muhammad unexpectedly
became
ill and died in Medina. He was survived by 10 wives but only one child -

daughter Fatima, who would later become Ali's wife, and would also
lend her name
to a 10th century Islamic dynasty in Egypt.

Thus
ended the life
of the man Muslims believe to be the last prophet
God sent to earth. Today, his
influence can be gauged by the fact
that more male children in the world have
the name Muhammad than any
other

الموضوع الأصلي : Muhammad saas المصدر : مُنتَدَيَاتْ صُـوتــْ بَــلَــدْنََــا

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